
Tab. IIo. Leo Gérôme, Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant (MDCCCLIX).Jean-Léon Gérôme, Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant (1859).
Naturalis Historia · Liber XXXVIII, caput I: De aquilis fabricatisNatural History · Book XXXVIII, chapter I: On manufactured eagles
De volucribus sine nido: Praedatores in caelo Hispaniae se exercent
On Birds Without a Nest: Predators Exercise in the Skies of Hispania
Ut nuntiant acta Libertad Digital, copiae aëriae Hispaniae maximam anni exercitationem, nomine Sirio-Dragón-Tormenta 26, inceperunt, CCCLXXIV volatibus usque ad diem tricesimum Octobris descriptis. Mirabile est opus alarum. Mirabilior est mens quae tot alas regit, nec pretium tamen nobis dicitur.
As Libertad Digital reports, the air forces of Spain have begun the largest exercise of the year, named Sirio-Dragón-Tormenta 26, with 374 sorties scheduled through the thirtieth of October. The work of the wings is wonderful. More wonderful still is the mind that governs so many wings; and yet no one tells us the price.
Cur hoc legimusWhy we read this Quia nova machinamenta volandi et automata caeli artem bellicam funditus immutant.Because new flying mechanisms and aerial automata are fundamentally transforming the art of war.
Die Martis, ante diem XIII Kalendas Novembres, anno urbis conditae MMDCCLXXIX. Novum caput addo, quod de volucribus nondum scripsi: de iis quas non Natura sed ingenium hominis peperit. Auctor est Libertad Digital, acta Hispaniensia rei militaris diligentia, quae tradunt copias aëris et spatii Hispaniae proximis horis exercitationem anni maximam incohasse, cui nomen Sirio-Dragón-Tormenta 26. Eam usque ad diem tricesimum Octobris duraturam esse ferunt. Propositum, ut ipsi duces aiunt, est et praetoria et alas probare, num paratae sint et num ordines pugnae, cum opus fuerit, statim constitui possint.
Tuesday, the thirteenth day before the Kalends of November, in the year 2779 from the founding of the City. I add a new chapter, on birds I have not yet written about: those born not of Nature but of the ingenuity of man. My authority is Libertad Digital, a Spanish gazette diligent in military affairs, which reports that the Air and Space Force of Spain has, in the last few hours, opened the largest exercise of the year, named Sirio-Dragón-Tormenta 26. It is to last, they say, until the thirtieth of October. Its purpose, as the commanders themselves put it, is to test both the command posts and the wings: whether they are ready, and whether combat formations can be raised at once when they are needed.
Catalogum, ut soleo, persequar. Machinae Eurofighter ex alis XI, XIV, XLVI adsunt, item F-18 ex alis XII et XV, quae pars est pugnantium quibus homines insident. Adsunt fuci Predator B alae XXIII, qui sine gubernatore volant. Onera vehunt A400M alae XXXI, C-295 alae XXXV, CN-235 alarum XLVIII et XLIX, et helicopteria Sikorsky S-76 eiusdem alae XLVIII. Octo omnino genera aëronavium sunt. Cotidie circiter triginta in caelum mitti, inter triginta et quinquaginta volatus fieri, summam CCCLXXIV volatuum effici praedicant fontes copiarum, ut eadem acta referunt. Quin et Foedus Atlanticum navem Boeing E-3 AWACS addidit, speculam volantem quae hostem longe prospicit.
I shall go through the catalogue, as is my habit. Eurofighters are present from Wings 11, 14 and 46, and F-18s from Wings 12 and 15: these are the fighting part, with men aboard. Present too are the Predator B drones of Wing 23, which fly with no pilot. The loads are carried by the A400Ms of Wing 31, the C-295s of Wing 35, the CN-235s of Wings 48 and 49, and Sikorsky S-76 helicopters of that same Wing 48. Eight types of aircraft in all. About thirty a day are to be sent aloft, with between thirty and fifty sorties flown, and a total of 374 sorties reached, according to sources in the force, as the same gazette reports. Moreover, the Atlantic alliance has added a Boeing E-3 AWACS, a flying watchtower that sees the enemy from far off.
Regitur hoc agmen aërium ab ESP JFAC, praetorio Imperii Aërii Pugnantis (MACOM) quod in castris Torrejón situm est, una cum stationibus GRUCEMAC et GRUNOMAC. Pars eius praetorii in castra aëria Pollensa in Balearem Maiorem translata est, quae pro statione provecta habentur. Adiciuntur EZAPAC, cohors fabrorum ex alto desilientium, EADA et SEADA, quae alas in loca nova deducunt, praeterea qui naufragos et deperditos quaerunt servantque.
This airborne column is directed from the ESP JFAC, a headquarters of the Air Combat Command (MACOM) located at the base of Torrejón, together with the control stations GRUCEMAC and GRUNOMAC. Part of that headquarters has been moved to the military airfield of Pollensa on Majorca, which serves as a forward base. Add to these the EZAPAC, a company of sappers who leap from the heights; the EADA and SEADA, which lead the wings into new ground; and besides them the men who search for the shipwrecked and the lost, and save them.
Iam miraculum aspice. Natura, parens nobis an noverca, homini nudo pennas negavit, aquilae dedit; homo pennas sibi fabricatus aquilam vicit. Archytam Tarentinum columbam ligneam volantem fecisse tradunt, Heronem Alexandrinum automata quae se ipsa moverent; illi ludum ostendebant, hi bellum. Et nomen ipsum quam aptum! Praedatorem appellant fucum qui sine oculis carneis e summo caelo terras speculatur, nec timet nec esurit nec lassatur. Raptorem habemus sine nido, sine ovo, sine morte. Quid magis mirandum quam avis quae nihil sentit et omnia videt?
Now behold the marvel. Nature, whether parent to us or stepmother, denied wings to naked man and gave them to the eagle; man made himself wings and has beaten the eagle. They say Archytas of Tarentum made a wooden dove that flew, and Hero of Alexandria automata that moved of themselves; those men displayed a toy, these display a war. And how apt the very name! They call it Predator, this drone that with no eyes of flesh surveys the lands from the top of the sky, and neither fears nor hungers nor tires. We have a raptor without a nest, without an egg, without death. What is more to be wondered at than a bird that feels nothing and sees everything?
Raptorem habemus sine nido, sine ovo, sine morte.
We have a raptor without a nest, without an egg, without death.
At in hac re non alas maxime miror, sed ordinem. Aves Natura in agmen sine imperatore cogit; hic una mens ex Torrejón triginta machinas per tot provincias quasi corpus unum gubernat, et praetorium ipsum in insulam traicit ut sciat an etiam divisum imperare possit. Agrippa, priusquam Sextum Pompeium aggrederetur, Lucrinum et Avernum lacum iunxit portumque Iulium fecit, ut remiges in tuto per totam hiemem exercerentur; victoriam in lacu ante paravit quam in mari peperit. Idem hic agitur. Exercitatio est proelium sine sanguine, et qui in pace sudat in bello minus cruoris fundit. Ego ipse, classi Misenensi praefectus, nihil crebrius egi quam ut remiges exercerem.
Yet in this affair it is not the wings I most admire, but the order. Nature drives birds into flocks without a commander; here a single mind at Torrejón steers thirty machines across so many provinces as if they were one body, and carries its own headquarters over to an island to learn whether it can command even when divided. Agrippa, before he attacked Sextus Pompeius, joined the Lucrine lake to Avernus and made the Julian harbour, so that his rowers might train in safety the whole winter long; he prepared his victory on the lake before he won it at sea. The same thing is being done here. An exercise is a battle without blood, and the man who sweats in peace spills less gore in war. I myself, as prefect of the fleet at Misenum, did nothing more often than drill my rowers.
Duo tamen me, qui omnia numero, angunt. Primum: pretium tacetur. Volatus numerantur, alae numerantur, impensa non numeratur; atque eadem acta paulo ante narraverunt aerarium Hispaniae iam tertium annum sine novis rationibus a senatu probatis administrari. Qui alas fabricat et numerum earum praedicat, summam quoque profiteri debet. Deinde: quem hostem fingant non dicitur. Paucis ante diebus rex Philippus Septem Fratres trans fretum adierat, ut nuntiavit Die Welt; num huc spectet haec exercitatio, nullus fons affirmat, neque ego affirmo. Hoc tamen interrogo, quod magistratus interrogaret: contra quem paramur?
Two things, however, trouble me, who count everything. First: the price is kept silent. The sorties are counted, the wings are counted, the expense is not; and the same gazette reported a little earlier that the Spanish treasury is now in its third year of being run without a new budget approved by the senate. He who builds wings and boasts their number ought to declare the sum as well. Second: we are not told what enemy they imagine. A few days before, King Felipe had visited Ceuta across the strait, as Die Welt reported; whether this exercise looks that way no source affirms, and neither do I. But I ask what a magistrate would ask: against whom are we preparing?
Verum sententiam meam non abscondo. Recte faciunt Hispani qui alas suas in pace experiuntur; turpius est enim caelum suum ignorare quam hostem. Remedium vetus est: sciatur pretium, honorentur homines qui volant, nec ullus fucus umquam sine homine imperante mittatur, ne machina quae non timet etiam non dubitet. Laudo praecipue eos qui deperditos quaerunt, nam «Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem, et haec ad aeternam gloriam via». Natura nobis pennas negavit, ingenium dedit. Utinam ingenium semper meminerit pennas servandi potius quam rapiendi causa parari.
But I do not hide my verdict. The Spaniards do right to test their wings in peace; for it is more shameful to be ignorant of one's own sky than of the enemy. The remedy is an old one: let the price be known, let the men who fly be honoured, and let no drone ever be sent up without a man commanding it, lest a machine that does not fear should also not hesitate. I praise above all those who search for the lost, for "to help a mortal is, for a mortal, to be a god, and this is the road to everlasting glory." Nature denied us wings and gave us ingenuity. Would that ingenuity always remembered that wings are made for saving rather than for seizing.
FONTES ANTIQVIANCIENT SOURCES
- Plin. NH 2.18Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem, et haec ad aeternam gloriam via
FONTES HODIERNITODAY’S SOURCES
- Libertad DigitalEl Ejército del Aire inicia su mayor ejercicio aéreo: Eurofighter, F18, drones Predator B y 374 salidas programadas
Res ex fontibus; sententia Romani.Facts from the sources; the opinion is the Roman’s.
Scribe ad Pliny the Elder: tabellarius epistulam tuam per vias Romanas feret, et responsum post dies aliquot redibit.Write to Pliny the Elder: the courier carries your letter along the Roman roads, and a reply comes back after a few days.
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